Haryana Real Estate Guide: Gurugram, the NCR Belt and the Towns Behind Them

Haryana real estate is Gurugram, and then everything else. Gurugram alone accounts for the majority of the state's registrations by value, almost all of its branded apartment supply and nearly every office tower. Corporate India pays Gurugram's EMIs: the Fortune 500 offices on Cyber City and Golf Course Road, the IT and consulting payrolls, the start-up money that moved in after 2020 and the Delhi families who sold a Vasant Kunj flat to buy a Golf Course Extension apartment with a clubhouse. Prices on Golf Course Road now sit in the same conversation as South Mumbai, and a DLF Camellias penthouse has traded above ₹100 crore.

The rest of the state runs on four very different engines. Faridabad is an old industrial city reinventing itself through Greater Faridabad and the coming Jewar airport link. Panchkula is the Haryana third of the Chandigarh Tricity, a government and HSVP-plot town with Punjab money flowing in from across the Ghaggar. The NH-44 corridor, Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala, is agri-industrial and plot-led, with Sonipat now hosting the state's best universities. The Malwa-facing west, Hisar, Bhiwani, Sirsa, is farmland money buying urban plots as a store of value.

What changed in the last five years: the Dwarka Expressway finally opened and turned a decade-old speculation into a real address; Delhi–Mumbai Expressway work pulled Sohna out of obscurity; New Gurugram's Sectors 79 to 95 went from skeletons to occupied townships; and DDJAY plotted colonies gave the state a legal, affordable plot product that sold in the tens of thousands. Gurugram's 2021 to 2024 run of 60 to 100 percent in the best micro-markets is the reason every builder in the country launched there, and it is also why the market is now priced for perfection.

The honest caution: Haryana carries more stalled-project scar tissue than any state except Uttar Pradesh. Unitech, Jaypee-adjacent names, Raheja, Vatika's early phases and a long list of 2010 to 2014 launches in Sectors 37D, 70A and 89 left buyers waiting a decade. HRERA has teeth now and the NCLT process has rescued some projects, but you buy under-construction in Haryana only from a developer with a delivered track record in the same sector.

Haryana wraps around Delhi on three sides, so its property values are a function of distance to the capital and the quality of the road in between. The old spine is NH-48, the Delhi–Jaipur highway, through Gurugram, Manesar, Dharuhera and Bawal. NH-44 runs north through Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala to Chandigarh. NH-19 goes south through Faridabad and Palwal towards Agra.

The expressways that are open

• Dwarka Expressway (NH-248BB). The Haryana stretch opened in 2024. Sectors 99 to 113 along it went from distress sales to ₹12,000 to 20,000 per sq ft launches. The Delhi end and the connection to the Urban Extension Road are the remaining pieces.
• KMP, the Kundli–Manesar–Palwal Expressway, and its eastern twin the KGP form the 270 km orbital around Delhi. The KMP is why Sonipat's Kundli, Bahadurgarh, Manesar and Palwal appear in every investor pitch; the Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor being built alongside it is the follow-on catalyst.
• Delhi–Mumbai Expressway. Starts at Sohna, Gurugram. The Sohna–Dausa stretch is open, which cut Jaipur to under three hours and made Sohna a town rather than a weekend drive.
• NH-152D, the Trans-Haryana Expressway. Ambala to Narnaul, 227 km, open. It bypasses the NH-44 and NH-48 traffic entirely and has put Kaithal, Jind, Charkhi Dadri and Narnaul on the map for logistics land.
• Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway. Enters Haryana at Jhajjar and runs through Rohtak, Jind and Kaithal into Punjab. Partly open; the Haryana stretches are the most advanced.
• Gurugram's own arteries: Golf Course Road, Golf Course Extension Road, Sohna Road with its elevated corridor, the Southern Peripheral Road and the Dwarka Expressway. Ask which one a project actually touches; "on Golf Course Extension" often means 2 km away.

Metro and rail

The Delhi Metro Yellow Line and the Rapid Metro loop serve old Gurugram and Cyber City. The 28 km Old Gurugram metro from Millennium City Centre through Sectors 45, 23 and 4 to Cyber City is approved and under construction, which is the single biggest re-rating event for the older sectors. Faridabad has the Violet Line to Ballabhgarh, Bahadurgarh the Green Line. The Delhi–Alwar RRTS through Gurugram, Manesar and Rewari, and the Delhi–Panipat RRTS, remain proposals; price them at zero. The Western Dedicated Freight Corridor passes through Rewari, which is why Bawal and Dharuhera attract warehousing, and the Eastern DFC runs through Ambala.

Airports

Gurugram's airport is IGI Delhi, 15 to 25 minutes from most sectors, and that proximity is the foundation of its office market. Hisar's Maharaja Agrasen airport began scheduled flights in 2025 and is the state's own aviation bet. Panchkula uses Chandigarh airport. Faridabad and Palwal will be served by Noida International Airport at Jewar across the Yamuna, which is the main reason Greater Faridabad is being re-priced.

Sixteen cities, five tiers, and at least three distinct markets. Rates below are indicative asking prices from recent deals and listings. Treat them as a negotiation starting point.

Gurugram: five corridors, five prices

Golf Course Road is the trophy address: DLF's Camellias, Magnolias, Aralias and the new Dahlias, with resale at ₹25,000 to 45,000 per sq ft and the top floors far beyond that. Golf Course Extension Road, Sectors 58 to 67, is where the ₹3 to 8 crore family apartment lives, ₹14,000 to 25,000 per sq ft. Dwarka Expressway, Sectors 99 to 113, is the volume luxury market of this cycle at ₹12,000 to 20,000, driven by airport proximity and new launches from Sobha, Godrej, M3M, Signature and Experion. Sohna Road and the Southern Peripheral Road, Sectors 48 to 72, are the mid market at ₹9,000 to 14,000. New Gurugram, Sectors 79 to 95 along NH-48 and the Pataudi Road, is the entry ticket at ₹8,000 to 14,000, and Sohna town south of the city is cheaper still. Plots in DLF Phases 1 to 5, Sushant Lok and the HSVP sectors in the 40s and 50s trade at ₹2.5 to 6 lakh per sq yd and almost never fall. Offices: Cyber City, Golf Course Road and Udyog Vihar for Grade A, Sohna Road and Sector 44 for cheaper space, and the co-working operators on every corridor.

Faridabad

Old Faridabad, the NIT sectors and Sectors 15 to 21 are plot and kothi markets with Delhi-adjacent pricing. Greater Faridabad, the Neharpar sectors 75 to 89, is where the apartment supply is: BPTP, Omaxe, Puri and a dozen mid-size builders at ₹5,500 to 9,000 per sq ft. The Violet Line, the Faridabad–Noida–Ghaziabad road and the direct link to Jewar airport are the three things buyers price. Industrial demand runs through Sectors 24 to 31, Ballabhgarh and the Prithla belt.

Panchkula

Panchkula is HSVP's showcase: Sectors 2 to 12 are the old-money kothi sectors at ₹2 to 3 lakh per sq yd, Sectors 15 to 21 and 25 to 28 are the newer plot and group-housing sectors, and the Pinjore–Kalka belt with DLF Valley and the planned Panchkula extension sectors is the growth edge. Apartments run ₹7,000 to 12,000 per sq ft. Buyers are Chandigarh professionals, Haryana government officers and Punjab families who want a Haryana address with a Tricity commute. The Ghaggar flood belt and the Morni foothill villages are the places to check drainage and forest-zone rules before you buy land.

NH-44: Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Ambala

Sonipat has two markets: Kundli and TDI City at the Delhi border, which behave like outer NCR, and the Rajiv Gandhi Education City around Ashoka and O.P. Jindal Global University, which supports a faculty and student rental market no other Tier-4 town has. Panipat money comes from textile exporters and the IOCL refinery; it builds kothis in Model Town and Sector 11 to 13 and sheds on the Sanoli Road. Karnal is HSVP Sectors 4 to 9 and 13 to 14, rice-mill families and the agri-research institutes. Ambala, City and Cantt, is a defence and trading town with plots on the Hisar and Jagadhri roads.

Rohtak, Hisar and the west

Rohtak's HSVP sectors and the IMT with Maruti's R&D centre and Asian Paints give it the state's best Tier-3 rental floor, helped by PGIMS and MDU. Hisar is Jindal money, HAU and now the airport; the Sector 9 to 11 and 14 to 15 belt is where the kothis are. Bhiwani and Sirsa are plot markets for farming families; expect little rental yield and long holding periods.

The southern industrial belt

Rewari, Dharuhera and Bawal sit on NH-48 and the Western DFC, with the Manesar–Bawal investment region of the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor. Worker flats at ₹3,500 to 5,000 per sq ft rent reliably. Jhajjar's Bahadurgarh is on the Green Line and the KMP, with a footwear park and Delhi overflow; AIIMS Jhajjar at Badsa adds medical rentals. Palwal is a KMP–KGP junction play with Jewar airport across the river. Narnaul is the southern end of the NH-152D and a logistics-land story more than a housing one.

Who buys, and in what bracket

• Under ₹60 lakh: DDJAY plots across the state, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera and Kundli flats, Tier-4 and Tier-5 plots; first-time buyers and factory-belt families.
• ₹60 lakh to ₹1.5 crore: New Gurugram and Sohna 2 and 3 BHKs, Greater Faridabad 3 BHKs, Panchkula group housing, Karnal and Rohtak sector plots; salaried NCR professionals and government officers.
• ₹1.5 crore to ₹5 crore: the bulk of Gurugram's Sohna Road, SPR and Dwarka Expressway demand, Golf Course Extension 3 BHKs, Panchkula kothi plots; senior corporate employees, business families, NRIs.
• Above ₹5 crore: Golf Course Road and Extension, DLF-phase plots, Camellias-class penthouses, Faridabad Sector 15 to 17 kothis; promoters, founders, HNIs and Delhi families trading up.

Gurugram: corporate India's back office and front office

Cyber City, Cyber Park, Golf Course Road's office towers, Udyog Vihar and the Sohna Road business parks hold the India headquarters or large campuses of Google, Microsoft, American Express, Genpact, Deloitte, EY, KPMG, Coca-Cola, Pepsico, Nestle and hundreds of others. Add the start-ups, the consulting firms and the GCCs, the global capability centres that have been the fastest-growing office tenants since 2022. This is the salaried base that rents and buys every apartment from Sohna Road to Dwarka Expressway. Manesar is the manufacturing counterpart: Maruti Suzuki's plants, Hero MotoCorp and the auto-component ecosystem across IMT Manesar, with Maruti's third plant at IMT Kharkhoda in Sonipat district now under way.

Faridabad, Ballabhgarh and Palwal

Escorts Kubota, JCB, Havells, Whirlpool, Yamaha and thousands of engineering MSMEs. Faridabad is a genuine factory town that happens to be in NCR, and its sheds and worker housing have a rental market Gurugram's luxury towers do not.

Panchkula and Ambala

Panchkula runs on the Haryana government, the Tricity's hospitals and the IT and services spill from Chandigarh and Mohali. Ambala's scientific-instrument and mixer-grinder MSMEs and its cantonment give it a steady, unglamorous economy.

Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Yamunanagar

Kundli and Rai industrial estates, the Rajiv Gandhi Education City and IMT Kharkhoda for Sonipat; handloom, blankets and home textiles plus the IOCL refinery and the thermal plant for Panipat; rice milling, the NDRI and the agricultural research cluster for Karnal; plywood, paper and the Jagadhri utensil industry for Yamunanagar.

Rohtak, Hisar, Bhiwani

IMT Rohtak with Maruti's R&D centre, Asian Paints and Suzuki Motorcycle; Jindal Stainless and the aviation hub for Hisar; textile mills for Bhiwani. HSIIDC's industrial estates and the new Global City in Gurugram, a 1,000-acre mixed-use project on the Dwarka Expressway side, are the state's flagship land plays.

Rewari, Dharuhera, Bawal

The auto and white-goods belt on NH-48 and the DFC: Hero MotoCorp at Dharuhera, Honda Cars and a long component chain in Bawal, plus logistics parks that use the Western DFC's Rewari junction. This is where industrial land and warehousing in Haryana is actually traded, alongside Kundli–Sonipat and the KMP corridor.

The state's single window is Invest Haryana; industrial land comes through HSIIDC estates and, increasingly, private industrial parks licensed by DTCP. Leasehold HSIIDC plots carry transfer charges, so read the allotment terms before pricing a shed.

1. Old Gurugram metro. The 28 km Millennium City Centre to Cyber City line through Sectors 45, 46, 47, 48, 33, 10, 9, 7, 4, 5 and 23. Construction started in 2025. The older sectors it touches are the cheapest well-located land in Gurugram, and this is the catalyst that fixes that.
2. Dwarka Expressway completion and the Urban Extension Road. When the Delhi stretch and UER-II link fully open, the airport run from Sectors 102 to 113 drops to 20 minutes, and the corridor's rental market, thin today, finally gets tenants.
3. Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor. Palwal to Sonipat along the KMP, under construction. It turns Manesar, Pataudi, Farrukhnagar, Kharkhoda and Kundli into rail-served industrial nodes and is the real reason to hold land along the KMP.
4. Noida International Airport at Jewar. Across the Yamuna from Faridabad and Palwal. The direct link road and the FNG expressway make Greater Faridabad the Haryana side of the Jewar story; expect re-rating in Sectors 75 to 89 as flights begin.
5. Global City Gurugram and IMT Kharkhoda. HSIIDC's 1,000-acre Global City near Sectors 36B and 37 and Maruti's Kharkhoda plant are the two largest land commitments in the state. Both pull the demand map outward.
6. Hisar airport and the aviation hub. Scheduled flights from 2025 and a planned integrated aviation hub. Hisar becomes the west's commercial centre; land along the Hisar–Delhi NH-9 is the play.
7. Delhi–Alwar and Delhi–Panipat RRTS. Approved on paper, not under construction. Upside only.
8. Collector rates and DDJAY tightening. Gurugram's collector rates were raised steeply in 2024 and 2025. DDJAY, the affordable plotted scheme, has been tightened after speculative flipping, so the supply of cheap legal plots will slow.

What this means for appreciation: Gurugram's trophy corridors are priced for the next five years already; expect high single-digit growth with real risk of flat patches if office leasing slows. The value is in the sectors the metro will touch, in Greater Faridabad ahead of Jewar, in Sonipat and Kundli ahead of the orbital rail, and in Panchkula's extension sectors. The Tier-4 and Tier-5 plot markets move with farm incomes and expressway announcements, not with NCR cycles.

Healthcare

Gurugram is a medical destination: Medanta, Fortis Memorial, Artemis, Max, Paras and Marengo CIMS. Faridabad has Amrita Hospital, one of Asia's largest private hospitals, plus Fortis Escorts and Sarvodaya. Panchkula has Alchemist, Paras and Ojas, with PGIMER across the border. Rohtak has PGIMS, Jhajjar the AIIMS campus and National Cancer Institute at Badsa, and Karnal the Kalpana Chawla medical college.

Education

Sonipat's Education City with Ashoka University and O.P. Jindal Global University, NIT Kurukshetra, IIM Rohtak, MDU Rohtak, HAU Hisar, Kurukshetra University, BML Munjal and the Gurugram private universities, Manav Rachna in Faridabad, and the Chandigarh and Panchkula school belt that includes the Tricity's best private schools. DPS, Shri Ram, Pathways, Heritage and the Scottish High cluster in Gurugram are a reason families pay the Golf Course Extension premium.

Retail and recreation

Ambience Mall, DLF Cyber Hub, Worldmark, MGF Metropolitan and the Golf Course Road high streets in Gurugram; Crown Interiorz and the Sector 12 market in Faridabad; the Sector 5 and 20 markets in Panchkula; Tau Devi Lal stadiums in Panchkula and Gurugram; the Aravalli biodiversity park, Damdama Lake and Sultanpur bird sanctuary as weekend escapes.

The civic realities

• Water: Gurugram's groundwater is officially over-exploited, and large parts of Golf Course Extension, Sohna Road and New Gurugram depend on tankers when the GMDA supply falls short in summer. Ask a society what its tanker bill was last May.
• Drainage: Gurugram floods at Hero Honda Chowk, Narsinghpur, Sector 10 and parts of Golf Course Extension every monsoon; Faridabad's Badkhal and NIT sectors back up; Panchkula's Ghaggar belt and Sector 20 to 21 edges flooded in 2023. Basements in these pockets are a liability.
• Air: Gurugram, Faridabad, Panipat and Sonipat sit inside the NCR winter smog. AQI above 400 for weeks in November is normal, and Faridabad regularly tops national lists.
• Power: DHBVN and UHBVN supply is reasonable in sector towns; Gurugram's private townships run on diesel backup more than anyone admits. Check the backup charge per unit in the maintenance bill.
• Traffic: Hero Honda Chowk, Rajiv Chowk, Sohna Road near Subhash Chowk, the Golf Course Extension junctions and the Delhi–Gurugram border at Sirhaul are daily bottlenecks. Faridabad's Mathura Road and Panchkula's Zirakpur crossing are the others.
• Approvals and maintenance: DTCP-licensed townships are supposed to hand over to residents' associations; many have not, and maintenance disputes with developers are the commonest complaint in Gurugram. Older sectors under HSVP and municipal corporations have cleaner title and slower services.

Haryana is hot, dry and continental, with a short violent monsoon and a foggy winter.

Summer runs April to June with 42 to 46°C across the NCR belt and 46 to 48°C in Hisar, Sirsa and Bhiwani, which record some of India's highest temperatures. Loo winds and dust storms from the Thar hit the west in May and June. Monsoon is July to mid-September, 500 to 700 mm in most of the state, up to 1,000 mm in the Shivalik foothills around Panchkula and Yamunanagar, and under 400 mm in Sirsa. Rain comes in bursts that overwhelm drainage. Winter from December to February brings 3 to 8°C nights, dense fog across NH-44 and NH-48, and the NCR smog season from late October.

What it means for a buyer or builder

• Insulation and orientation decide power bills. A west-facing tower flat on Dwarka Expressway in June runs the air-conditioning sixteen hours a day. North and east facing units command a premium for that reason.
• Terrace waterproofing, parapet design and external-wall sealing matter more than finishes; the dust and heat destroy cheap exterior paint in three seasons.
• In the flood-prone pockets listed above, avoid basements or insist on sump pumps and sealed ramps. Stilt parking that floods is a maintenance fight waiting to happen.
• Air purification is now a selling feature in new Gurugram and Faridabad towers; check whether the society's fresh-air system actually runs.
• Rooftop solar on kothis in the HSVP sectors pays back fast because both summer and winter peaks drive consumption.

Haryana's tourism is heritage and pilgrimage, with weekend-escape demand from Delhi layered on top.

• Kurukshetra: Brahma Sarovar, Jyotisar and the Mahabharata circuit, the Gita Jayanti crowds every December and the Krishna museum. A dharamshala, hotel and guest-house economy with steady pilgrim footfall.
• Panipat: three battlefields, Kabuli Bagh mosque and the Panipat museum. Heritage tourism is modest; the hotel demand is business travel for the textile trade.
• Pinjore Gardens, Morni Hills and the Shivaliks above Panchkula: the Tricity's weekend belt, where farmhouse plots and resort land trade on views and the forest-zone rules decide what you can build.
• Surajkund and Badkhal, Faridabad: the Surajkund crafts mela every February and the Aravalli lakes; resort and banquet land along the Faridabad–Gurugram road is a real hospitality market.
• Sultanpur National Park, Damdama Lake and the Aravalli belt near Gurugram: farmhouse and banquet-venue country, with strict zoning that catches buyers who skip the land-use check.
• Rakhigarhi, Hisar district: one of the largest Harappan sites, with a museum under construction and a small but growing heritage-tourism story in the west.
• Mansa Devi temple, Panchkula; Sheikh Chilli's tomb, Thanesar; Nahar Singh Mahal, Ballabhgarh; Tilyar lake, Rohtak: local anchors that give each town a visitor economy.

The practical takeaway: the hospitality plays with liquidity are Gurugram's banquet and farmhouse belt, the Faridabad–Gurugram road resorts and the Morni–Pinjore weekend-home market. Kurukshetra's pilgrim economy is steady but small. Everything else is a long hold on footfall you cannot control.

Haryana's planning law is strict on paper and uneven on the ground. The rules below are what keep buyers out of trouble in Gurugram's fringe villages and the state's unauthorised colonies.

Who approves what

DTCP, the Department of Town and Country Planning, licenses private colonies and townships under the 1975 Act and issues the licence, the layout approval, the building-plan sanction and the occupation certificate. HSVP, the Haryana Shahari Vikas Pradhikaran that used to be HUDA, develops the government sectors; GMDA and FMDA run infrastructure in Gurugram and Faridabad; HSIIDC handles industrial estates. HRERA, with benches in Gurugram and Panchkula, registers every project above 500 sq m or eight units and hears buyer complaints.

The due-diligence checklist

1. DTCP licence number and validity for any private colony, plus the approved layout showing your plot or tower. Licences expire and must be renewed; a lapsed licence stalls registries.
2. HRERA registration with quarterly progress reports actually filed, and the promoter's record on the HRERA complaints list.
3. Section 7A NOC. In Haryana's controlled areas, which cover almost every urban fringe, the registry of a plot in an unlicensed colony is barred without an NOC under Section 7A of the 1975 Act. Sub-registrars refuse these deeds; brokers sell them on general power of attorney instead. Do not buy on GPA.
4. Jamabandi and mutation on the Haryana land-records portal: owner name, khasra numbers, share, and the intkal entered. Check for "lal dora" or abadi-deh land, which is village land outside planning control and cannot be mortgaged easily.
5. Occupation certificate before moving into a tower, and the completion certificate for a plotted colony's services; without them the colony stays in the developer's hands and maintenance disputes follow.
6. Property ID and no-dues certificate. Haryana ties every urban property to a Property ID on the ULB portal, and a registry needs the no-dues certificate for property tax. Fix the ID's name and area before the sale date.
7. Encumbrances and litigation through a sub-registrar search and a court check; and for GMDA, HSVP and HSIIDC allotments, the transfer permission and any unearned-increase or transfer charges.

DDJAY and affordable plots

The Deen Dayal Jan Awas Yojana lets a licensed developer carve 5 to 15 acre colonies into small plots, mostly 100 to 180 sq m, with DTCP approval and reduced EDC. It is the one legal, affordable plot product in the state and it has sold in the tens of thousands across Gurugram's outer sectors, Sohna, Faridabad, Sonipat, Karnal, Rohtak and Hisar. The checks are the same: licence number, layout, the developer's completion of services, and the RERA registration. Flipping was so common that the state tightened transfer rules; confirm the current ones before you buy to resell.

Freehold, leasehold and agricultural land

HSVP sector plots and DTCP-licensed colony plots are freehold. HSIIDC industrial plots are usually leasehold with transfer charges. Anyone, farmer or not, can buy agricultural land in Haryana; NRIs and OCIs cannot buy agricultural land, plantations or farmhouses under FEMA, though they can inherit. Converting farmland needs a change of land use through DTCP, and inside the Aravalli belt around Gurugram and Faridabad the forest and Natural Conservation Zone rules can make conversion impossible. That is the single most common way Delhi buyers lose money on a "farmhouse plot".

Stamp duty and registration

Stamp duty in urban Haryana is 7 percent for male buyers, 5 percent for women and 6 percent for a joint purchase; in rural areas it is 5, 3 and 4 percent. The registration fee is a slab that tops out at ₹50,000 for properties above ₹1 crore, which is a genuine saving over states that charge 1 percent without a cap. Duty is paid on the higher of the sale value and the collector rate; Gurugram's collector rates jumped in 2024 and 2025, especially on Golf Course Road, Dwarka Expressway and the DLF phases. Registration runs on the Jamabandi portal with online appointments and e-stamping. Confirm the live rates before you budget; the state changes them by notification.

Property tax

Municipal property tax is self-assessed through the Property ID system on the Urban Local Bodies portal and is modest: a few rupees per sq yd for residential plots and a per-sq-ft rate for flats, with periodic amnesty schemes on arrears. Gurugram and Faridabad corporations are stricter than the smaller councils. In DTCP townships you also pay the developer or the residents' association for maintenance, often ₹3 to 6 per sq ft a month in Gurugram's premium towers, and that figure matters more than the tax.

Units you will hear

Haryana deals are quoted in sq yd for plots and kothis and in sq ft for flats. One acre is 4,840 sq yd; one kanal, used in the north of the state and Panchkula, is 605 sq yd; a "bigha" in Haryana is usually the kachha bigha of about 1,008 sq yd, but it varies by district, so always convert to sq yd on paper.